Book Report on Johnnie Cochran's book A Lawyer's Life Essay

Book discover on Johnnie Cochrans book A Lawyers Life - Essay ExampleIn order to better infer not only this particular piece of literature but as well the author, Johnnie Cochran himself, we must soundly address and discuss the most study and significant areas within this book, and as well any and each key related factors and contracts that are involved here. This is what will be dissertated in the following.Cochran approaches a number of distinguishable issues in this book, and he tries to explain each hotshot as thoroughly as he maybe can. The literature drifts from one legal matter to the next, really showcasing off his history of work, and one of the most major issues that he tries to bring to attention within it is the reasoning as to why so many African-Americans shake a jaded view of the legal system overall.In the beginning of the book Cochran speaks just intimately how he actually began in the business and how he considered himself as having derived from concepti ons of the attorney embodied by both Dershowitz and Kunstler, prima(p) to an awkward notion of the attorneys vocation in which contradictory ideals are willfully joined and then crooked for the sake of convenience (65). Cochran makes numerous different memorable and significant quotes throughout his book, including where he stated that If one man cannot get a fair trial, no matter how hideous his crime or wretched the man, none of us can be certain of getting a fair trial. (72).Another issue that Another issue that Cochran makes significant note of in this literature is in regards to Kunstlers romantic clay sculpture of the militant lawyer, and he uses this to somewhat reference the strong identifications that he feels he shares with his clients. As he also states in the book, I looked down and saw that my hands were shaking, not with apprehension but with the power of revelationBeing a lawyer means not only sharing the pain of other peoples suffering but also evaluate the bur den of their trust. In the final moment, being a lawyer isnt about winning or losing. Its about keeping faith. (101). Cochran calculates quite exactly throughout the book, making references to at least parts of most of his cases as well as cases including other credible and notable lawyers, such as Kunstler, and he appeals incredibly to the Kunstler model in order to lay claim to being an African American leader. There is also a certain reliance that is shown by Cochran, particularly on that of the issue of political activism, especially when he feels that he should have evoked the legal process. One of the most significant issues that are discussed however is that of racism and about how his background has helped - and as well in ways negate - cases and other issues that took place during his career. As he states, Theres something in your background, in your character, that helps you understand that this is wrong. Maybe you are the remediate people, at the right time, at the right place, to say, No more, we are not going to have this. This is wrong. (125). From this review we can conclude many different things, some(prenominal) which are of particular importance, and that includes the matter of racism and how Cochran feels that it is an issue within the judicial system. We truly get to clinch at least a remote idea of Cochrans background and history as a lawyer but more so we get to understand how he feels about being a lawyer and who the figures are in his life that have influenced him along the way. Although there are certainly parts throughout

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Buddhism - judge ExampleAs the essay declares the pietism of Buddhism is associated to the Hinduism religion. Both of them desire in the concept of escaping from samsara also referred to as rebirth. A lot of people believe that Buddhism is in some way integrated within Hinduism. The religion of Buddhism was created when a young prince escaped from a life that was seen as fake. He did so in separate to find reality. He decided to become the Buddha by being a mediator instead of a king. People believe that the religion of Buddhism does not allow its monks to get married, eat meat, or drink alcohol, barely in reality this is not true.From the paper it is clear sexually transmitted disease Buddhism is a branch of Buddhism whose leader is the Buddha which them stands for emptiness. A lot of people believe the Zen Buddhism has a lot of similarities with Christianity, but there also some differences between both religions. Christians believe that God rules this world and each person has a soul that leave either be send to heaven or earth upon death. Buddhism differs in that the followers of this religion do not believe in the existence of God, thus people can be free from samsara. They believe that through samsara or nirvana their souls escape from the rebirth cycle. Emptiness of nature is accomplished through religion. The Zen Buddhism religion started in China around 100 B.C. For Chinese people emptiness is reached through celibacy, solitary mediation, renunciation, and monasticism. The religion was not popular before, but it spread across Japan and China.

The topic is to respond to the question in the assignment Essay

The topic is to respond to the question in the concession - Essay ExampleState can also be described as a semipolitical institution with a core government that maintains a command of the rightful use of coercion to carry out loyalty within a definite territory.States worldwide have increasingly misused (exaggerated) their power, and this sometimes take to violent protests or revolutions, as witnessed recently in the Arab countries. Dictatorial leadership styles where leaders want to retard in power more than they are required are to be blamed for this. The protests have resulted in countless deaths of innocent citizens and atrocities against humans committed by subject machinery much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the army and police. States work like this because there is no power that holds them accountable.This paper will illustrate how the solid ground operates, the role of the state and its obligations to its citizens, the various instruments that the state uses to obtain a llegiance, the role of the media in shaping the image of the state and its representation of situations such as war, and, lastly, the rise of resistance and rebellion against the state. Nation is a term used to refer to good deal who belong to a shared cultural community with a historical trajectory (Heywood, 2011).Every state, whether capitalistic or democratic, uses various forms of coercion. Even under pluralism, where a lot of official democratic liberty exists, the state uses tyranny, sometimes in enormous quantities. A case in point is the penal structure in the United States of America. Approximately two million prisoners, or 60 percent, are black, and this shows that the legal frame has been use as a tool of repression against the black community.In every society, there is likely to be a set of regulations which are largely acknowledged by the society. These forbid anti-social actions such as murder, rape, and theft. Through such laws and their enforcement, a country atta ins its class as an impartial watchdog of the society. Nevertheless, law has been used by the system to control its

Classroom Instructional Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Classroom Instructional Strategy - Essay moralStudent enjoyments his thinking, learning, and practical skills to follow a course of study or a lesson plan that is macrocosm implemented by the instructor. The term instructors pedagogy is used to refer to the different program line methods that a teacher will use. When a teacher determines the method of instructions there are a number of eventors he or she has to consider these areAnother important aspect is the teachers ability to deal with the different abilities of the schoolchilds and the disabilities of the students. sometimes the teacher has to do overmuch than just teaching in the sectionalisationroom that is going with students to field trips, administer study halls, help in organizing school functions, and act as a supervisor in s sensty curricular activities.There is a possibility that a teacher while teaching might use a combination of some of these 13 ways. Though a combination might not incumbent be more im pressive notwithstanding in most of the cases it is. Another way a teacher can teach is by implementing every method not in the same class but in different sessions, meaning that in one session the teacher uses Lecture tended to(p) by a discussion and in his next session in the same class he can use Case Studies. As said before a combination would be more effective I will use a combination of method 2, 8 and 13. ... Another way a teacher can teach is by implementing every method not in the same class but in different sessions, meaning that in one session the teacher uses Lecture attended by a discussion and in his next session in the same class he can use Case Studies. As said before a combination would be more effective I will use a combination of method 2, 8 and 13. That is using Lectures accompanied by a discussion including feed back sessions and Presentation to explain things in a much a better way.Selected Teaching MethodI choose these three methods due to a straddle of rea son. The first being that a bedevil might be boring but in fact an effective listener can understand a concept much better when things are explained to him with examples during a lecture. apart from this he can make notes while a lecture is being delivered, this helps a student in revising the matter he studied in the classroom. A discussion after the lecture makes sure in telling the teacher that how much the students learnt and what part was difficult for them. Feed back sessions not only tell the teacher how much the student has learnt but also help a student in realizing how well he or she is doing in a subject and what amount of effort he needs to put in the future. Presentations help a student in noting down important concepts of the course. Apart from this presentations help in teaching as it is said computer aided teaching has always been apt for a teacher as well as the student.Now I will discuss the advantages of these teaching methods and how must a teacher prepare for these methods.Lecture with DiscussionThis method makes sure that the students are voluminous in what is going on in the class, students can also raise questions and queries on things that they dont

Divorce in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Divorce in America - Essay ExampleThere atomic number 18 seven factors determine as the reasons for disarticulate based on the charter done by Mafauzy, director of faculty of health in Malaysia. According to him the following is the reason for divorce failure by husbands and wives in discharging their responsibilities, low instauration in religion, interference by third parties, differences in culture, sexual problems, money and careers. A recent study by the Creighton University Center for Marriage and Family concludes that the biggest obstacle in the wedlock life is the time, sex and money. The study build that debt brought into marriage, the couples financial situation, balancing job and family, and frequency of sexual relations were of greatest concern to those ages 29 and under.The pistillate or male may have their freedom from the marriage but the biggest impact will be on the children of the couple. Each year over 1 million children suffer the divorce of their fires. Those children who witnessed the divorce of their parent before they turn 18 usually carry the effect up to their adulthood and even change the future generation. Some of the damaging effects include the followingFamilies with children that were not poor before the divorce see their income drop as much as 50 percent. Almost 50 percent of the parents with children that are going through a divorce move into poverty after the divorce.Institutions, go Religious worship, which has been joined to better health, longer marriages, and better family life, drops after the parents divorce. Conclusion Institutions, government and every individual should be sure in the effects of divorce in children. The people or couple should understand the core principles of marriage before getting into it. That principle is that marriage is the best environment in which to raise healthy, happy children who derriere achieve their potential and that the family is the most important institution for social well being. If the family is the building block of society, wherefore marriage is the foundation of the family. If this foundation is growing weaker, then the society will not be as strong as it used to be. Reference1. Patrick, F. and Rector, R. , The Effects of Divorce on America, June 5,

Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Geography - Essay ExampleIn 1960S, International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic tunny was organise to control and manage fish harvesting in a more sustainable manner. Unfortunately, more nations are not it member and continue to fish it without regard for conservation to make huge profit. The gramme Banks angle ground along the coast of Newfoundland was regarded as home of cod. In the 1970s, with advancement of new fishing technology, it was fished to reduction. By 1960s, it had drastically dropped to very low quantities leading to the closure of the Grand Banks fishing industry. Passenger pigeons birds became out(p) in 1914 (Bedoya 2011). When the Europeans settled in North America this birds used to migrate in large add up across the sky. The Europeans destroyed their habitant in the forest and hunted them down for food and sold them in the market. They greatly reduced in number by the time hunting limits were enacted. It was too late to save them and presently they became extinct. The Earths atmosphere is a common resource shared and polluted by everyone on the planet. The green house fellatees from industries, transportation and air pollution damages the atmosphere. International agreement like Kyoto communications protocol has been formed in attempt to thick global climate warming and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Hardin 2011). Multiple nations recognized the importance of taking care of it and agreed to look at the long termination benefit at the expense of the short-term gain. Population growth is another tragedy of the common. As the community increases the natural resources are depleted. Every person uses air, land, water, and food resources and dividing those resources to around 7 billion people tends to open them thinly. Unregulated logging leads to the depletion of tropical rainforests which benefits everyone in the world. Timber producers remove a lot of it and cheaply electronegative acres of land. Some part are protected and governed in a proper way for lineage but still illegal logging takes place especially boundaries of different countries where their law is different on their border. Groundwater in Los Angeles was drawn by the increased population in Los Angeles to an extent of intrusion of saltwater from the close Pacific Ocean. Faced by potential of water shortages and depletion of water resources they depended on, a voluntary organization was formed to conserve and manage the groundwater for future use. The oceanic is a commonly shared resource throughout the world. No single nation has the power to pass laws that govern and protect the entire nation. Every nation protects the ocean resources along its coastline. The shared space is left to destruction and pollution. Ocean garbage accumulates of circular current or gyres. Many nations let solid waste from lands and ships flow into the ocean (Margulis 2012). The garbage, especially the plastic pollutant, is harmful to every indivi dual because they form a cycle through the food chain. Traffic congestion is a study problem on the roads. Individuals use the road for their own self interest, some to get to their places of work as fast as possible. Problem occurs when everyone decides to use the road to meet travelling needs. Jam occurs and there is slow movement of vehicles leading to air pollution from idling cars. When there are many vehicles on the humankind road,

Sunstroke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sunstroke - Essay ExampleThis research paper examines two types of sunstroke. The first miscellany is known as the Classic or Non-extertional heatstroke and normally affects and more than adult individuals. Their bouts of sunstroke argon brought about by a poor environment that lacks proper ventilation. Ont he early(a) hand, Extertional Heatstroke more oftentimes occur among young populate and individuals who love to participate in strenous activities during the scorching hot pass months. Although heat exhaustion is the most common source of a sunstroke, there are also other factors that normally affect a person which leads towards a sunstroke. But the main reason that sunstroke occurs is because people tend to forget to rehydrate themselves during the summer months. As our body rapidly loses water over the summer years and weeks, it is important that these fluids be replaced as often as possible. Simply rehhydrating on a frequent rear end can actually prevent the onset of hea tstroke. The reason that rehydration helps to quash sunstroke events is really simple. Liquids help to chill out us down by allowing the body to produce sweat. However, liquids are also necessary for bodily functions, such as keeping up blood pressure. You can lose large amounts of body fluid in the form of sweat without noticing any effects, but at a certain point the body will reserve the remaining fluid for vital functions and stop sweating. The bodys core temperature then shoots up, and cells start dying.

Classical greek influence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classical greek entice - Research Paper ExampleZeus was the king of Greek gods and god of weather and rains in antiquated Greece. Zeus like other gods prevented humankind from making progress and learning the basics of life. These gods punished wad for not obeying their orders. Gods were against the use of fire by human beings as it was the symbol of power for the god and goddess (Roebuck, 1984).Doric, noggin and Corinthian were the architectural orders apply by people, which were commonly seen in their temples. Doric was the basic order that was used previously by Spartans (Durant, 1997). Initially wooden structures were used and these were replaced with stones later on. Religion and god images are very(prenominal) clear on construction of golden age. Corinthian order was not frequently used for being very fancy. Ionic architecture was the final order. Dimensions of these orders were eight to nine feet high instead of four feet. carving circumstances are also found on the Io nic structure. Stones were also used to carve hair shape and other religious shapes in the Ionic architecture (Durant,

Reflective Learning Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

thoughtful Learning Journal - Research Paper ExampleThese businesses are faced with various challenges in merchandising and distributively has adopted a different merchandise strategy to succeed in the market. In each marketing strategy, technology has played an important role. Pre-Visit Research and Analysis Mr. Miikka Vaahtera, the CEO and founder of Malja Company, did the first institution. During his presentation, he emphasized on the importance of agencys roles. The choice of media as evidenced in the presentation was an important turncock for the marketing agencies. For instance, electronic sponsorship such as smartphones and internet were going popularity across the board. In order to gain the market, the lodge made use of the marketing 4Ps (product, price, promotion, and place) through the agencies. The main caper facing the company was the use of traditional sponsorship (like magazines and radio) which were already going down. Therefore, event marketing became an impo rtant tool for the company. The second guest speaker was Mr. Noel Mooney, Marketing Manager of UEFA. Football is my passion and was interested to see how it is promoted and spread out in the international scene. The marketing strategy used by UEFA is sponsorship marketing and a big irresolution was how they manage to compete in a world of ambush marketing. The greatest threat in sponsorship marketing is ambush marketing. ... The company has made use of all the forms of media to promote their clients brands. For the company, successes lies within an combine campaign, that is, going viral in marketing. Social media has found a big place in the spirit of the company because of its popularity and use across all ages and nations. If one wants information to reach as many pile as possible within the shortest time, social media is the solution. In any form of marketing, creativity is very critical and I was intrigued by the fact that the company emphasizes more on creativity from its employees. Without creativity, viral marketing is non possible. On the other hand, the work should not offend the intended audience. The last presentation was from Expedia and the company whole kit and caboodle with various hotels to promote their products. I am an avid traveler and I was amazed by how the company is able to collect information about and promote it. The company links various hotels and travel destinations most the world and the client are able to get all information they need within a click of a button. From the presentation, it was clear that the company has realized the importance of technology in marketing, that is, it has employed mighty marketing. The company also assists the hotels to reach their customers across the world through the same technology. How that is possible, lies within the strength of right on marketing and the use of technology. Discussion and Analysis Event marketing is simply doing the correct thing and reservation people understand t hat you are doing the correct thing. The biggest challenge in this case is knowing what constitutes the

Monsters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Monsters - Essay ExampleAs history depicts, monsters were separated from the alliance of mankindss since the ancient times. However, other people have described monsters as being sour and nonexistent. This is where by monsters were described in accordance to the characteristic of a person. For instance most were described from words much(prenominal) as horrible, weird, wild and inhuman. Still, some people believe that monsters ar veridical(a) and present in the society. However, it has been renowned that it is rare to see a gigantic, hideous creature manifesting itself as a monster (Williams, 13). This is because monsters are believed to sustain different forms. For instance some wild cats have been taken to be monsters in some societies receivable to their ugly features. Other societies associate bats with monsters and hence are put at the edge of the society. In addition, different people have been heard say that they have seen evil spirits, which appear as shadows or ap pear in dreams and nightmares. Therefore, thus monsters have a meaning and an implication in the society since human beings have believed that they are there, and they have obtained different translations of them.FunctionMost of the theories and manifestations of monsters appear in cinemas, horror movies, and fictitious stories. In these movies, monsters usually appear as being very real and very present among humans. or so of the movies as well as show monsters as helpful creatures that notify human of any unforeseen dangers. In addition, the movies also give a notation of existence of communication between human and the monsters. However, in the real macrocosm there is very limited interaction between monsters and human beings. In the real world, humans are very scared and afraid of monsters and merchant shipnot even stand them. In addition, monsters are believed to be carnivores in the real world and thus they cannot interact with them since, humans are afraid of the fact th at they might be harmed by these creatures (Williams, 34). In addition, in the real world monsters are also destructive. They function by getting everything they thirst by use of force and fight. Monsters also destroy property and interfere with the peace of humans. In the real world, monsters are also associated with appearing in the night or in dark places. They are believed to ward off light or overcrowded places where they might be spotted by humans. Humans also associate monsters with preternatural powers, such as ability to appear and disappear in a place, or ability to change shape or change their shapes. They are also believed to possess a lot of strength and might that can destroy a whole building. Example Different scholars have researched on the true existence of monsters in the real world and have come up with results showing that monsters indeed exist and live among human (Scott, 34). The studies also show that for the past ninety years zombies existed among humans. These creatures were found to be the animated dead representing greater danger to the survival of humans, than a mere corpse. The research also provides that zombies show no favoritism and answer no judgment (Scott, 35). Mason asserts that monsters came about through the belief by the ancient people that during their pertinacious distance trade journeys, they would meet terrifying and mysterious creatures. Therefore, people started imagining creatures such as giants, vampires and ghosts. Since the people were exclusively convinced that the creatures would try to destroy them, they brought in the idea that monsters were scary creatures that were to be feared (Mason, 7). Negation Although some scholars assert that monsters indeed exist, other scholars have noted that monsters dont really exist (Mason, 4). They assert that monst

Earth Science and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Earth Science and Society - Essay ExampleFrom this study it is clear that geography has been based on physics and astronomy and has focused on both physical and human nature. The other(a) scientific disciples mostly study living things in general. A good definition will fee-tail the study of both non-living and living things on earth and also in space. The strength associated with geography is the mogul of connecting all functioning interrelationship which are not usually noticed in simple delimitate schools of thought. The weakness with geography is that in most cases important facts on causes and effects are usually miss because of holistic understanding. The menti geniusd strength has made it possible to come up with theories which can be proved to be true, but the weakness has led to generalization of theories which are not necessarily true.According to the reportweather entails the events that line up on a daily basis in the atmosphere such as temperature, humidity and rai nfall, and it varies from one environment to the other. Climate basically is the weather pattern of a particular wide area averaged over so many years. A town can experience the days weather to be wet, cold and rainy. The climate pattern of Antarctica is always rainy and stormy.Greenhouse effect is the process by which the atmospheric airs consisting of water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide trap the heat from the sun and radiate it back to the get on of the earth.

Atmospheric and Water Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Atmospheric and Water Quality - Essay ExampleMoreover, it also included the set up of ground reflectiveness on the plume. (Sutton, 1947) The basis for this model and various other models is the Generalized Dispersion equality for A Continuous Point Source Plume. (Beychok, 2005) This equation is Where is the cross wind dispersion parameter stipulation as is the upright dispersion parameter tending(p) as Where is the vertical dispersion with no reflection, is the vertical dispersion for reflection from the ground, is the vertical dispersion for reflection from an inversion aloft and be abandoned as is the concentration of emissions given up in g/m3 at any given receptor that is located at meters downwind of the emission source, meters crosswind from the emission plume centreline and meters above the level of the ground. is the emission rate of the source pollutant given in g/s is the horizontal wind velocity along the plumes centreline given in m/s is the height of the emission plumes centreline above the ground given in m is the vertical standard deviation of the emissions distribution given in m is the horizontal standard deviation of the emissions distribution given in m is the height of the inversion alofts bottom from the ground The equation pledgeed above compensates for upward reflection from ground as well as for downward reflection from the bottom of any inversion lids present within the atmosphere. The exponential terms in g3 converge rapidly and in most circumstances anticipate m as 1, 2 and 3 provide acceptable solutions. as well as are representative functions of atmospheric stability and delineate the turbulence of the ambient atmosphere and of the downwind distance to the particular(prenominal) receptor. Within this arrangement, the most important variables are the degree of atmospheric turbulence and the height of the emission source. in general dispersion is directly related to the turbulence. Q2. a. Describe the natural chemical reac tions by which stratospheric ozone is created and destroyed. 10 marks Ozone is produced in the atmosphere as the photochemical decomposition of oxygen molecules occurs. (Science Fun, 2011) As diatomic oxygen absorbs ultra violet radiation with wavelengths of slight than 240 nm it tends to disintegrate as O2 ? 2O* (reaction 1) The resulting free oxygen atoms combine with more oxygen molecules to generate ozone as below O + O2 ? O3 Another mechanism is when ozone molecules decompose when treated with ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of less(prenominal) than 290 nm. The reaction is as under O3 ? O2 + O* (reaction 2) b. Explain the link that is believed to exist between pollution and ozone bottom depletion. 10 marks Myriad chemicals released into the air are k instantlyn to react with ozone causing its depletion. The greatest danger stems from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are disintegrated by the action of ultraviolet light as below CFCl3 + hv ? CFCl2 + Cl* (reaction 1) The activated chlorine atom now reacts with an ozone molecule to give off oxygen and chlorine oxide as under Cl + O3 ? ClO + O2 (reaction 2) The chlorine oxide moreover promotes disintegration of ozone as under ClO + O3 ? Cl* + 2O2 (reaction 3) This reaction tends to persist as reactions 2 and 3 grow and cause further ozone molecules to disintegrate into oxygen molecules. The net reaction for reactions 1, 2 and 3 becomes

Manage oh$s task 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Manage oh$s task 3 - Essay Exampleent and policy, planning, implementation, measurement and evaluation, and management review of the health and safety systems in order to hold continuous progress to the plan. The plan covers employees, visitors to the department, contractors and suppliers, and to a limited extent, students.This policy recognises that the ADMC is responsible for the health and safety of all employees in the oeuvre. In fulfilling this responsibility the management of ADMC has a duty to provide and adjudge a working environment that is safe and with forbidden risks to health. To meet the objectives of this policy checks should be made regularly to ensure that the following is adhered to State (Y/N)A successful OHSMS is based on continuous improvement of the cycle. Continuous improvement is about doing things, reviewing them and improving them where possible. The Plan, Do, Check, and Act (PDCA) strategy can be used to ensure continuous improvement. This is discussed in the following sections.15.5Act - If checks carried out reveal that things be not going according to plan therefore the process has to be reviewed. Even if checking reveals that things are working well it is still important that some improvements are made to the process on a timely basis. This challenges the Safety Manager to think outside of the box. The actions fill to also be integrated into other aspects of the operations.Provision of biological and sanitary waste bins, encourage provide to wash hand after using rest rooms, advise pregnant women if case exists, infected persons to be referred for medical treatment, provide information on signs and symptoms of communicable disease, sterilise contaminated areas, sanitation and cleaning schedule, workplace inspections, provide gloves, safety goggles to cleanersbuy less or non dangerous substances, store hazardous substances in flame proof cabinets and locked storage rooms, install fire detection systems and fire extinguisher s, carry out emergency evacuation

The reflection of 2 group work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The reproach of 2 group work - Essay ExampleThe current business environment is more than perplex and fueled by many things that are yet to be known. Every leader feels some gouge when it comes to generating results, building effective teams and creating a high performance environment. At the same time, most employees get commonplace of uncertainty and the necessity to perform better with less. It whence causes workplace dissatisfaction. The added pressure on employees to deliver without subtle their eminent future not only tests their patience, but also that of the leaders (Bass, 2009).Patience is always a virtue and true(p) leaders need to practice it. More so today, where everybody is getting more and more frustrated, either at work or with societal issues. Efforts to practice patience are being time-tested than ever before. Therefore, leaders need to do more in order to make up for chase that lost their patience along the way.Leaders need patience since they deal with p eople and not machines. In contrast with machines, people have so many quirks. Mostly people are reluctant when it comes to change. mountain will set political affinities and alliances. People have their preferred ways of doing things, pet projects and favourite friends. It therefore takes patience to work with people effectively and accomplish the set objectives and goals. Even though some propagation there is a need to be impatient in order to push an agenda, a good leader needs to understand that patience is the secrete weapon behind getting things done (Hughes, 2012).The ternion step of leadership process is development of dodge and vision. In this step, key leaders will develop and adjust the business strategy as well as the direction the organization is taking. During this process, the vision and strategy of the organization is reviewed depending on the business realities, redefining and refocusing the strategy so that it fits competitive and marketplace demands (Boonstra,

Event study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Event study - Essay ExampleA plausible explanation for these findings is that deviates in the optimal dividend and debt levels stem from changes in, expected cash flows, and thus, signal a change in firm value. Efficient market Hypothesis Researchers move over developed a guess cognize as the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) which states that the market prices speculate each(prenominal) information known to the public. Market react to any new information available in the market immediately as reflected in stock prices rather than gradually adjust it. The term efficient market was coined by Eugene Fama in 1965. He described an efficient market as a market where at any point in time, actual prices of individual securities already reflect the effects of information based both on events that have already occurred and on events which, as of now, the market expects to take place in the future. The efficient market prices contain the intrinsic value of the securities. The EMH along with the Random Walk Hypothesis (RWH) flies in the face of hem in Street pecuniary analysts. Financial analysts despise even hearing those terms. This is because these hypotheses suggest that there are no future predictions that can be made about how a market will behave. The suggestion that all the information known about past, present and future events is reflected in the current market prices means that the financial analysts are snake oil salesmen. This is why the EMH is much(prenominal) a controversial hypothesis. Types of Market Efficiency on that point are three primary categorization of EMH given by Fama (1970) according to the type of information reflected in the stock price 1. Weak-form efficiency - Share prices reflect all past information and thus, rules out the chance of predicting future stock prices on the basis of past price data alone. 2. Semi strong-form efficiency - A market is semi strong-form if share prices reflect all the relevant publicly available inf ormation. It also includes wages and dividend resolves, technological breakthroughs, mergers and splits, resignation of directors, and so on. 3. Strong-form efficiency -Market in which share prices reflect not only publicly but also the privately available information. It is assumed that all the information is available to everybody at the alike(p) time. Even an insider who has private information about a company cannot earn abnormal profits in strong form of market efficiency. Literature Review Event studies have a long history, including the sea captain stock split event study by Fama, Fisher, Jensen, and Roll (1969). Inconsistent evidence with the efficient market, hypothesis started to accumulate in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Evidence on the post earnings announcement effects (Ball and Brown, 1968, and Jones and Litzenberger, 1970), size effect (Banz, 1981), and earnings yield effect (Basu, 1983) contributed to skepticism for Capital Asset set Model as well as market e fficiency. According to the theory of information efficiency, security prices should reflect immediately all information available to the efficient capital market. As positive information and trade cost can be expected, this extreme efficiency hypothesis cannot be held. Fama (1998) in his survey canvas the various event studies that intend to validate if the stock prices respond to new information. The events studied include announcements such as earnings surprises, stock splits, dividend, mergers, new

John Calvin and the Protestant Reformation Essay Example for Free

jakes Calvin and the Protestant reclamation EssayThis paper is devoted to the period of Protestant Reformation in France and the key figure of this process- butt Calvin. John Calvin was a Protestant theologian and the developer of the famous Calvinism immortal as a system of Christian church. He is well known for his written works and his teachings, but non many know roughly his role played in Michael Servetuss execution. These and some(prenominal) other issues will be discussed in this research. John Calvin was born under the name of Jean Chauvin in Picardie, in France. His father sent him to capital of France in 1523 to get ready for the priesthood.There Calvin studied in College de la Marche and then in College de Montaigu bowl 1528. As he was doing quite well in ecclesiastics, he gained the chaplaincy and the curacy of Saint Martin de Martheville from his native city (Tracy, 1999). In 1529 Calvin resigned chaplaincy for the benefit of his younger brother, but however two years later he resumed and was memory it till 1534 (Gordon, 2002). Calvin proved to be a good scholar, but his father, who by the year 1528 had problems in relations with the ecclesiastic authorities in Noyon, took a decision, that his son should theater of operations law instead.John didnt contend and went to Orleans, to study law at the university there. In a year he moved to another university and took classes of Andrea Alciati. During his studies at both universities Calvin was very much under the impact of Melchior Wolmar, who was a leader of humanist ranks and was a promoter of Reformation ideas. When in 1531 the father of Calvin died, he had to come back to Paris and take up study of Hebrew. In 1532 John spent another year in Orleans as a student of law again.In spring of the same year he paid his own money for issue the text of Senecas De Clementia, adding his commentary. This was a confirmation of his humanistic views in connection with the Roman Church. At the same time the ideas of Reformation were rapidly spread in France, Calvin however was moving bar by step to his position, he wrote in his commentary to Psalms that he was too obstinately devoted to the superstitions of popery to be easily extricated from so profound an abyss of mire. (Barth, 1995). One of his friends, who also shared the ideas of Reformation, was Nicolas Cop. When he became the rector of Paris University, they decided to use the chance to present their comments concerning the Reformation in front of cultured and intelligent audience. In November 1533 Cop held a speech in the Church of the Mathurins, which they gave the title Christian Philosophy, meaning the Gospel. The relation, he built surrounded by Law and Gospel, was closely connected to the ideas of Luther.The final part of the speech was however fissiparous and more(prenominal) than concentrated on the one of the features of Calvinism, namely salvation. The speech had all chances to produce a glorious i mpression on the audience and to attract hold backers, but Cop spoke negatively approximately the hierologists of Sorbonne and called them sophists. This sure enough caused their indignation, they sought for support from the government, and Cop had to escape. Calvin followed him due to their known close relation, but risked to re playing period very concisely.He couldnt get rid of his fears, that his support of Reformation ideas could be followed by imprisonment, like it was the case with some other reformers. He decided to become a wanderer in 1534, all the time changing his name. Two and a half years he was going from place to place, was imprisoned in Noyon, visited Paris, where he met Servetus for the first time. In Orleans he published his Psychopannychia, confutation of the theory about sleeping soul between death and the Last Judgment (Gordon, 2002). In 1535 Calvin visited Strasburg under the name of Basel.There he finished his Institutes of the Christian Religion, about the book he wrote My objects were, first, to vindicate my brethren whose death was precious in the sight of the Lord and conterminous that, as the same cruelties might very soon after be exercised against many unhappy individuals, overseas nations might be touched with at least some compassion toward them and solicitude about them. (Barth, 1995). after(prenominal) he had published this work, he worked in Ferrara in the court of Duchess Renee. A year later he met his younger brother Antoine and his half-sister Marie in Paris.He traveled with them to Strasburg, but because of the war, had to go to Geneva, planning to rebriny save one night there. But Farel Guillaume, one of the like-minded persons, convinced him to stay there. Two years he spent at the side of Farel, but still the city could not stand the significant reforms offered by the Reformers and on Easter Monday in 1538 they both were ordered to leave the city. Calvin traveled to Strasburg, where he became minister to the french refugees in the Church of St. Nicolas (Brady, 1994).Two years later he married Idelette de Bure, widow of Jean Stordeur of Liege, an Anabaptist, whom Calvin man get on withd to turn into pedobabtist. They had a son, who lived only several days. Idelette de Bure died in 1549 and Calvin never married for the second time. Calvin didnt have the plans to open to Geneva as his financial situation was rather poor at that moment, but very soon he got the opportunity to improve his position. In Strasburg he managed to practice the reform, which he could not launch in Geneva, and his fame started to grow very quickly. He received an offer to come out with a course of duomo lectures.In 1539 Cardinal Jacopo Sadoleto sent a letter to Geneva, asking for it to be returned to Roman obedience and capital of Switzerland government gave the right to answer to Calvin. There were serious changes in the government of Geneva, and as a go forth the friends if Calvin won the power in the city. Fo r the second time Calvin followed the arguments of Farel and went to Geneva. He knew perfectly, that there were a lot of his enemies, and that not everybody was ready to support him, but his faith in God was his major support. The government prepared a house for him and a corresponding salary.His work in Geneva started, the city turned into his main, but not the only one, center of activity. Geneva was a place, that gathered a lot of refugees from Holland, Italy, England, Spain, who were ready to listen and to support the ideas of Calvin. Also a number of students visited his lectures. His fame was growing, and more and more mass were standing by him. At the age of fifty-five he died because of a disease. For Geneva he left one hundred and seventy dollar, faith, teaching and reconstructed government. Calvin chose Apostles Creed as the basis for his ideas, at the same time closely relating theology and ethics.Calvins reformation was practical, with the strongest emphasis on the doc trine of predestination he tried to teach people of the city to refer to it as a cornerstone of the Christian faith. Opposed to lenient views concerning grace and sin, propagated by the Roman Church, the Augustinian doctrine recovered in his words. Calvin did his best to change the face of Protestantism, as he managed to speak openly and directly the matters, which other reformers didnt know or didnt want to discuss (Brady, 1994). His main target was the proper organization of the church governance and social organization of the church in the city.He was said to be the first politic leader, who was able to build the social organization based on biblical principles. He brought very significant innovation, namely by incorporating church into the government of the city (Cameron, 1991). In the middle of 1550s the structure of Geneva was changed completely in accordance to Calvins ideas. As a resolving power Geneva became the most serious center of Protestantism in Europe and attracte d the persecuted refugees from other countries. The branch of Calvins reforms became the popular branch of Protestantism from the seventeenth century. Calvin had the same problems as Luther with Anabaptists.On the 16-17 of March in 1537 he had a mankind meeting with them, and using his strong argumentation disposed of their ideas, as confirmed by Council of Two Hundred. on with a great number of supporters Calvin had his opponents as well. Calvin played a very important role in the execution of Michael Servetus the Spanish physician, radical reformer (Anabaptist), and unitarian. (Gordon, 2002). In 1531 Servetus published his ideas denouncing the Trinity, which was the key doctrine Catholics and Protestants could agree about. ternion years later Calvin agreed to meet Servetus in person in Paris, Servetus however didnt appear.From 1546 till 1548 they exchanged letters, trying to convince each other, but finally Calvin had to stop the correspondence, as it was growing more and mo re rancorous. In 1553 Servetus was sentenced to death in absentia by Inquisition in Spain for spreadhead heresy. Calvin provided very important evidences to support the conviction. Servetus escaped from the prison, but was again arrested in Geneva on the initiative of Calvin. This time he was sentenced to burning on a stake, which took place in 1553. Then Servetus was buried together with the copy of his decision work De Trinitatis Erroribus.Servetus was the only one, who was sentenced to death for his religious beliefs during the lifetime of Calvin, and there is finally no agreement about the correctness of Calvins actions concerning this issue. Hundreds of years later modern Calvinists do not support the actions of Calvin towards Servetus. Nowadays persecution, and what is more death sentence for religious beliefs and positions, seems to be barbarous. Calvin was certainly not the only reformer. The ideas of Calvin and Farel were really close, but Farel was a missionary, a preac her and not theologian or even less a statesman.Calvin, being French would probably not be able to spread his influence so successfully either in Zurich or in Wittenberg, as Zwingli and Luther did it. Calvin was much younger than Luther and Zwingli and had an advantage of having a good foundation for spreading his ideas. He managed to build a system based on their new ideas. He proved to be better organizer and better thinker, at the same time lacking their genius and activity. His life was not as dramatic as those of Luther or Zwingli he didnt possess that genial humor or was able to raise popular enthusiasm.And still he remained the most influential Reformer of the Protestant Church. References Barth, K. (1995). The god of John Calvin, tr. by G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids Wm. B. Eerdmans. Brady, T. (1994).Handbook of European History, 14001600 Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation. Leiden and New York. Breen, Q. (1968). John Calvin A Study in French Humanism. Cameron, E. (1991). The European Reformation. Oxford and New York. Gordon, B. (2002). The Swiss Reformation. Manchester, U. K. , and New York. Tracy, J. (1999). Europes Reformations, 14501650. Lanham, Md.

Operation & Logistics Management Essay Example for Free

Op sequencetion Logistics counselling EssayIn modern world, the solicitude of trading trading operations and logistics puke represent the know-what, the know-how, and know-why of a beau mondes anyplaceall picture as well as its functional areas. Knowledge of the counsel is acquired by managers and employees, including analysts, by examining and investigating operations under study. This differs from the acquisition of specialized cognition that is learned by performance over time.Usually, the watchfulness of operations and logistics is conducted by company personnel who possess a high level of skills in their field of work, for example, strategic planning, marketing, manufacturing, accounting and finance, and sympathetic resources. Besides, there are other company occupations that include some type of circumspection work, directly or indirectly. The management of operations and logistics bear therefore be defined as the acquisition, creation, packaging, or appli cation of noesis (Lesser 90).KANGPUT engineering breeding keep company has been increasingly, and heavily, influenced by economic theories of the ho call notably, developing management schemas, selecting appropriate package that whitethorn be placed under the umbrella landmark of the knowledge-establish view of the firm. KANGPUT Technology training Company is buttd on customer satisfaction. This essay is based on KANGPUT Technology education Company in China. This paper give consider how to subprogram, maintain and constraint the knowledge usefully so the current management of operations and logistics of the organisation could be improved and tolerate a better future overall.This work also covers the possible gather up for the director of KANGPUT Technology increase Company to accommodate changing knowledge work processes. An important part of developing operations and logistics management systems is selecting appropriate software, and therefore software selection is also discussed in the paper. Operations form the base of both multinational and small company, whether in manufacturing, service or non-profit organisations.Operations Management Logistics is a field that involves some(prenominal) subject disciplines such as convergence development, quality management, logistics, information systems and homosexual resources management. Operations comprise start from the performance management of a group of design engineers to the exact forecast of production and delivery performance. mess are the source of the ideas and actions that grow organizations. Yet the role of people and benevolent not bad(p) has been changing in a fundamental way over the last several(prenominal) decades. Until recently, institutions have been the dominant part of the equation.As long as human inputs into wealth were seen as commodities, then people were interchange commensurate, one for another. Their contributions were marginal to the salary and practices of the company. As much as leadership proclaimed, Our people are our most important resource, very hardly a(prenominal) organizations actually mobilized their people (Thierauf 32). A major challenge for the organisation is to engage and cultivate its networks of human jacket (Bassett 35). In this era, the human capital that supports the company is only partially a group of direct employees.In fact, as time goes on, many organizations will operate with a core group of strategic leadership. The era where benign bureaucracies hired people to have jobs for life has come to an end. Instead, people will work in a number of organizations during their operative lives and may have multiple engagements with a number of companies at the homogeneous time. People will increasingly begin to see themselves as companies of one, where they are responsible for their learning, their personal harvest-festival strategies, the quality of their relationships, and their work environment.As a result, a gr owing proportion of the people working with enterprises will be independent contractors, outsourced from other organizations, members of organizations with whom the enterprise has alliances. KANGPUT Technology Development Company raises these critical questions and lay the foot for establishing the kinds of frameworks, practices, and relationships that are necessary for any company to successfully navigate operations management logistics.KANGPUT Technology Development Company must(prenominal) to make organization that is nothing more than an extension of human thought and action, which makes human capital the only active capital. Financial and physical resources are important, but they cannot be transformed without the lever of human capital. The input of human capital grows in value and is becoming the differentiator for the company. Therefore, KANGPUT Technology Development Company must recalibrate to see how that input operates and bring it into balance with all of the other elements, including long-term knowledge management strategy.There should be a power shift. As people will begin to be better able to autonomously gather information, achieve mobility, and initiate connectivity, they will redefine the role and value of their human capital. As a result, they will make in the buff demands on management for more satisfying kinds of tools and techniques for the management of operations. Operations management has to, in a sense, catch up with its workforce and respond with increasing flexibleness to obtain the kinds of capabilities and commitments it needs to succeed (Lowson 120).This is a major reversal for operation management, which is apply to being able to dictate the terms of employment. Regardless, it is a necessity. Company leadership must come to know better what human capital it needs, not just for today, but also for tomorrow and the day after. It must understand how to quickly acquire, compensate, grow, and retain it so that it can positive ly affect its business performance and operating objectives. The result is that it must change its orientation and its basic systems to be at the lead of the knowledge-based enterprise reality.Managing the knowledge and human capital for continuous learning, sharing, and connecting as human beings needs to be part of the daily practice of everyone, from leadership to the frontline of the company (Thierauf 67-78). In the beginning, it should be said that there is no single hardware or software product or combination of the two that can give a comprehensive approach to operations management. If a comprehensive operations management system environment is the ultimate purpose, hardware and software products cannot be apply alone.Creating a company-wide knowledge management infrastructure needs the integration of many different technologies. For KANGPUT Technology Development Company to open successfully its collective knowledge for companywide use, it is essential not only to develop a nd use integrated hardware and software technology but also to use the development companys employees and their related business processes with this knowledge management technology.If KANGPUT Technology Development Company employees are not working in a collaborative environment or if no procedures are in place to share the knowledge, no amount of operations management system technology can change that. For operations management system environment to work well, it must be viewed by company employees at all levels as a strategic means for KANGPUT Technology Development Company to contract more competitive and construe success in the long run.To better comprehend what needs to be done to develop operations management systems effectively, it is best to begin with past and current approaches to the management of operations. This can be done in the form of expert systems and then go on to various levels of operational knowledge acquisition and usebeginning from tactical knowledge to s trategic knowledge (Leonard-Barton 156). To acquire and spread narrow- to wide-based operational knowledge for KANGPUT Technology Development Companys employees, the present knowledge work processes may have to be innovated.This may include reengineering in which knowledge work processes have to be revamped so that knowledge flows freely to every functional unit and subpart that needs it. In order to achieve this ambitious knowledge work redesign, several approaches can be undertaken by operational knowledge management system developers. First, KANGPUT Technology Development Company can change the content of knowledge by expanding what it encompasses in order to better meet coveted goals.Second, the company can reorder the composition of work so that company employees may change the tightfistedness of their jobs from information to knowledge. This change may demand the use of more teams of employees in order to share knowledge learned from previous projects, job assignments, and t he like. From another side, the change can concentrate on the employment of new networking technology that lends itself to groupware. Using this technology allows employees to have individual knowledge bases and global knowledge bases so that to improve the effectiveness of their operations.Overall, the described changes are quite consistent with reengineering approaches to work and also bolster the efforts of employees using knowledge to make their jobs more effectively. For the purpose to decide which approach to use for reengineering work processes, it is essential for the operations system developers to define which knowledge orientation is required by the company and its employees. Additionally, there are other factors that can influence which direction to choose. These involve the competitive environment, corporate culture, company strategies, problem-finding approach, and the information technology infrastructure.By creating an effective relationship among knowledge work proc esses, company employees, and the items set forth above, operations system developers can select out the important factors and set forth ones that are useful in the final design. Operations management systems represent a new business intelligence technology that is useful. Business intelligence technology has become popular because it gives finale makers the opportunity to access and analyze large quantities of information. This information can be used to distil knowledge concerning current and future patterns and trends.Besides, operations management systems are attractive because they give last makers faster access to desired knowledge which can be presented in new ways that do not require extensive custom programming. In the future of the company they will assist decision makers in making better informed decisions. The point is that decision makers have a wide base of resources at their command to use on problems facing them. Since no one software product can serve the full ra nge of user knowledge needs, there are a host of products easy today.Good operations management systems require the cooperation of the vendors, the reckoner department, and the companys decision makers and their employees. Most exterior vendor products have limitations that will be reached the first time a user says, I need . What the person then finds is that the package has provided what is thought to be needed. The vendor can do little to suit it. So instead of simply acquiring this package, it is necessary to look for one or more software packages that provide capabilities for adapting it to the needs of company decision makers.This naturally leads to the next team that must be created, the computer department. Cooperating with the computer department rather than treating it as an outsider will result in a operations management system much better used to the users needs. These computer employees, after all, have been providing much of the information that managers and their employees use. Therefore, they know what some of the decision makers needs are already. They will also be the people who will create and implement the system and adapt it to decision makers needs.

The set time of 10 seconds Essay Example for Free

The set time of 10 seconds EssayThe data go forth be recorded by measuring the distance travelled by the first oxygen blether afterward the set time of 10 seconds. There is a set time of 10 seconds because after this time of activity, the enzyme Catalase begins to degrade and in that respectfore the rate of reaction be make loves slower. The table leave be set up in the following way Test Number Concentration / % Distance Travelled / cm average out 20 Volume must be kept the same of the overall solution otherwise diametric scaled will be presented i. e. more substrate than usual the emit will go besides the result is not reliable and quarternot be utilise.Safety Precautions H2O2 at 20 volume (100% for this experiment) is a evidentiary irritant, if it contacts the eyes it could cause itching and could lead to eye damage, therefore goggles must be worn during all handlings of H2O2. Care must also be taken with the H2O as it can come out of the end of the glass tube. Th is could get onto the floor and cause slipperiness, so care must be taken and the end of the tube must be sat on something absorbent.Equipment must also be rinsed thoroughly, as some peerless could unknowingly pick up a beaker covered with H2O2. Rinsing out superabundance substrate and enzyme could also increase the validity/reliability of the results. Suggested Data Analysis The type of graph used will be a scatter graph with axes labelled as follows Results may be analysed by looking at mean, mode and median to look for paths in the graph, for example, looking to see if as the dousing doubles, the distance travelled does the same. A scatter graph was chosen, as a trend line can be added, which can help identify anomalous results.Modifications During the first tally of the experiment, it was noticed that the Catalase was not outpouring as quickly at 100% (20 volume) as it did in the trial runs (on a previous day). Therefore, ravel the experiment by measuring the distance tra velled in a set time of 10 seconds became unpractical, as the distances travelled in this time were too small. So, a new set time of one minute was added before this limitation presented a problem. Results Test Number Concentration / % Distance Travelled / cm Average.The results were collected in the order suggested in the plan (100% descending to 20%, then 20% locomote to 100%) to eliminate the affects of room temperature change when an average was taken. As two results were taken for each tautness an average was calculated for the distance travelled, this will be analysed. Data Analysis From the graphs it is possible to see the trend that, as predicted, as the concentration of substrate increases, the rate of reaction increases.The gradient for the graph of the first run of results is 0. 189 The gradient for the graph of the second run is 0. 198 The gradient of the graph examineing the average distance is 0. 192 This shows a close similarity between the results. It was expected that as the concentration double, the rate of reaction would double also. On the graph showing the averaged results, this is approximately true for the double of 20% to 40%, but as show by the exponential trend line, as the concentration increases, the rate of reaction escalates.When 40% is doubled to 80% there is a 257. 14% increase. When the trend line approximation for 50% is double to 100% there is an approximate increase of 271. 20%. This shows that as the concentration of substrate is increased, there is more likeliness that the H2O2 will contact a Catalase enzyme because there are molecules of H2O2 to collide, so they are moving at greater rates, so the rate of reaction escalates with the concentration of substrate. Evaluation The equipment used had high limitations, which could have affected the results.Firstly, when the mixture is make in the syringe, the reaction begins and water and oxygen are produced immediately, due to the syringe being difficult to grab to the glass tube, oxygen was lost in the process of attaching the syringe. This was unavoidable because the rubber connector had to be skin-tight to prevent further gas loss. Repeats were important here so that excess gas loss could be identified. An anomaly that relates to this limitation is in the 40% concentration test in the second run.It is possible that it may have taken longer here to attach the syringe. Due to uncontrollable gas escape the bubble would have gone less far if it took longer to attach the syringe and further if it took less time. In most cases the values for the first run and the second run do not vary by more than 0. 2 around the average, so there is an uncertainty value on the distance travelled of ? 0. 2cm, as shown by the error bars in the graph to show average.As all measurements were do by the guide on the syringe, there could have been an effect on the concentrations, if the syringe was not label accurately there would be an inaccuracy in concentrations, therefo re there is an uncertainty value of ? 0. 1cm3. This is shown as a horizontal error bar on the graph to show average. Show preview only The supra preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

In the name of the father Essay Example for Free

In the name of the male parent EssayOften a film conveys a message nigh a character through various film techniques. This is adjust in the film In The Name of the Father. This story is mainly about a childlike man who is arrested for a crime he did not commit and how a relationship between father and son deepens throughout the tragedy. The main character, Gerry Conlon, is first portrayed to the viewer as an unruly rebel tho is later developed into a more docile and compliant character. The director, Jim Sheri sham, uses film techniques such as enclothe design, dialogue and extended metaphors to convey the development of Gerry as a character.1st paragraph -1st time we bring out gerry, scruffy, uncut -costume design baggy jeans, big whisker, dirty appearance -gives idea that gerry doesnt care about his appearance or what people think of him -as film progresses he sharpens up appearance -combed pulled back hair 2nd -change also shown through dialogue -lawyer asks him if h e is scared of the court -he replies i just dont want to be humiliated again -this brief piece of dialogue shows that he has straight changed and does care what others think of him -helps viewer understand how desperate an innocent man can be in the fight for justice3rd -use of extended metaphor -viewer sees lawyer gareth pierce driving through a long tunnel while listening to gerrys story -this could be viewed as an extended metaphor for the long dark road gerry has gone down while fighting the legal system -as the story draws to a conclusion she reaches the end of the tunnel, or the light at the end of the tunnel -could refer to the point in the story where gerry and the others are finally set free.Read moreMy Father Goes to Court by Carlos Bulosan

Teaching ESL Students Essay Example for Free

T all(prenominal)ing ESL Students Es swearIn the summer of 2008 I worked in a private college for girls in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ( Due to the colleges policy, I was submited not to reveal the name of the college). This College offers continue education and extension courses to meet the needs of women in the community for professional development and personal enrichment programs. In summer it offers a 4 week Intensive position Language Program. I was asked to teach deuce trains level one and level three.In my level one class, I had a total of 9 students, and they were all Saudis four of them were 15 years old, 2 of them where 11 years old, 2 were 13 years old, and one of them was 24 years old. All of them came from Saudi government schools. I met with them 5 days a week for 2 hours. The books apply for the course was interchange level 1. However I also used Word by Word Picture Dictionary. Reading, writing, grammar, listening, speaking, and phrase were skills I taught in t he program. astonish Area Generally, as an ESL teacher, I never use Arabic in class in rear to expose students to the new language. However, I real quickly realized that the students were not responding well to my use of English only. I could understand that the students felt insecure and confused. Even the simplest question Whats your name? was answered with head gesticulate or a crooked smile. So I used the Tarzan method, I AM JANE, just now it was not effective. This response was a sign to change my method.I remembered the days in Pakistan as a chela I tried to fit in while my classmates spoke Urdu and I felt like an disaffect lost and confused listening to gibberish from my perspective or rather trying to solve cabalistic codes and guess what is being said. My focus automatically shifted not to learn the words scarce to try and deduce body language. And this is what I saw in my students eyes i. e. they lost track of words and focused on my facial expressions and body language to try and understand what was going on.The look on their facets al miens seemed to say What an earth is she saying Thus, I puzzled over how I could best meet the needs of these very low level learners and whether or not I should use Arabic in class or not. Exploring the Puzzle Area I pertinacious to experiment with using Arabic minimally to encourage tuition English and to especially create a comfy atmosphere for the beginners to express themselves. For pillowcase when I introduced the vocabulary words, I allowed them to use Arabic.It was more or less a co-operative learning strategy. I gave them the word and define it in English and some students said it out loud in Arabic helping each other understand the new words fully. Moreover, I felt the need to use Arabic myself when it came to breeding abstract vocabulary because I wanted to ensure induced errors would be avoided. I would ask my students to part me what the word means in Arabic. Saying the word in Arabic myself was my last resort for I did it to spot check on the students and to further avoid their frustration.In grammar it was a different issue. I decided not to use Arabic, but eventually I realized it was big mistake and a xerox of time. Explaining the grammar rules only in English was causing lots of occupations with understanding the lesson, due to the low level of my students. I repeated the lesson many times speaking slowly with the simplest words believing that they at least unsounded something from the lesson. But my efforts were in vain because once I asked the class to capture practicing the exercises orally, no one responded.Whereas when I used a bit of Arabic as well as English in the said(prenominal) lesson, it was more effective. For example, Arabic generally follows the verb- subject structure. In English, however, the general structure is subject-verb-object. So pinpointing such grassroots factors and presenting model sentences in both languages clarified their misuse of a simple sentence in English. Thus, the passivity in the beginning changed the students suddenly got interested and active, and started to work in groups to combine many sentences on their own.I realized that using L1 for beginners was beneficial grammar because students could understand grammatical structures and practice their application gradually as their level improves. Teaching reading was basically an individual effort that depended on the students efforts. To improve their reading skills they were asked to read out loud simple passages to improve their reading and pronunciation of words. However, for critical thinking skills, I asked them to silently read paragraphs and hence asked questions about the part they read to check their perception and understanding of the topic.In reading, I allowed them to use Arabic to express their thoughts about a topic, because if I depended on English alone the class would be unresponsive. Gradually, in two weeks time the class began to open up and feel comfortable with using English in their responses. For example, in a reading lesson after silently reading the passage, one of the students knew she understood the topic but admitted that she was shy and afraid to answer the questions in English. This phobia is a general problem in Saudi students especially beginners.There is a fear of being wrong or feeling embarrassed. So, the fact that she was allowed to start in Arabic and include some English was a comforting experience. A student for instance would respond with broken sentences exercise it about exercise and form discussions with their classmates in Arabic and ask the teacher for the correct form of answering, mimic it, and in turn learn it. Hence, they initially began with participating in L1 but grew to use L2 too after a while. The most difficult part of L2 learning that many beginners face is writing.In the first writing class I started with the basics, such as brainstorming then classifying thei r ideas. The problem that arose was the students limited vocabulary. They were able to participate using L1 and began asking the words meanings and jotting them down. It was not an effective make for because the class turned out to be a vocabulary lesson. So I had to change plans. The neighboring class I assigned them to read short paragraphs and focus on the structure, sentence order, words meanings and punctuation. wherefore in class we worked on a similar paragraph but with mistakes and edited it together.The students enjoyed this activity and used L1 to tell me the mistakes and why it is wrong. Gradually, I encouraged them to copy the forms they took but with a different topic. For example, they took a paragraph about fishing, and I asked them to write about swimming. The students copied the exact paragraph with a few changes. They got to learn a lot gradually when they wrote a paragraph on their own. L1 was used minimally just as a comfort zone for discussing topics and exe mpting rules, and they did learn the basics of writing in L2 at the end.Students dont ask each other about particular words and structures and get it much easier. In upper-intermediate group we verbalise in English and thats not a problem we dont have to explain vocabulary or grammar in Arabic. So its the thing of the language advancement in English. This way of teaching is much more efficient. Conclusion Whether to use native language when teaching ESL students is a matter of constant debate and when choosing education method the teacher should consider students background, their primary knowledge and their abilities to learning.It is known that the more differences between languages the most difficulties students are faced with. The same situation is observed with Arabic and English as languages are completely different. Nevertheless, from the very beginning I was against using Arabic in teaching English as, in such a way, I hoped to achieve the higher level of commitment and I expect students to learn faster. But education process showed that it is normal to use Arabic when teaching students with low level of English because many students simply didnt respond to my speech and efforts to explain some rules.I see students were confused as they couldnt understand what I expected from them. The method to focus on facial expression, not on learning words failed as well. When I decided to use Arabic minimally I saw that such encouragement appeared to be more effective in creating more comfortable atmosphere for students to express their ideas. Therefore-, I concluded that co-operative learning strategy is the best method of learning beginners. innate language can be used when explaining abstract vocabulary, explaining new grammar and ensuring that all rules are understandable.

Purani Jeans Aur Guitar Essay Example for Free

Purani Jeans Aur Guitar EssayPurani Jeans aur guitar a jingle which most of the college going students might never forget. Somewhere in the song a stanza comes which states maangne paise udhaar. This is a very common incidence happening in college life and the best part is that one gets to pay as many resources as she/he requires. that the point is do we actually NEED to ask for the Udhaar? Lot many instances have been found wherein because of this udhaar hand many feuds(Big or Small) has happened between best of the friends. So do we actually want to have udhaar or get rid of this and still continue to enjoy the beautiful and happening College Life? (This whitethorn non seem 100% doable but try maarne mein kya jaata hai) So what is the Solution? Very simple sic the well(p) money in the right pocket in the right quantity in the right quantify, thats it This can be achieved by victimization the world famous Art of coronation Investment has its own Oxford Dictionary me aning the action or process of authorizeing money for profit. The enquiry is how do we practice this art of placement and make the action work for us. In simple impairment how do we invest, where do we invest and when do we invest?Lets look out for answers to these questionsa) Where do we Invest?Answer Avenues for investments have seen a drastic change from yester years till date. Now we have simple formula zarurat jaisi, salaah waisi. You name your objective of investment and we have a solution lendable as per your requirements. One whitethorn go ahead and invest in a plethora of avenues as per requirement viz. i) Traditional Debt instruments Bank FDs, Post Office Schemes etc. ii) Tradable Debt instruments Bonds Debenturesiii) Direct Equitiesiv) Mutual cashv) Goldvi) Real estate etc.As per ones capability, knowledge, resources, risk time may choose one or more avenues of investments among these. Mutual Funds provide a one-stop solution in all categories.b) How to Inve st?Answer Investment mechanism and procedures have also evolved with time. Now one may invest in most of the avenues in not only a physical mode cream of application, giving cheque etc. but can also invest electronically viz. using Mobile phone, SMS, online, call centre etc. All that is required is to comply certain regulatory requirements and thats it. You have enough invest lump sum you do not have enough invest systematically in small chunks.c) When do we Invest?Answer Most difficult but over again very simple too. A great learner has said You have two options either time the market or spend time in the market. It is always easier and better to spend time in the market quite a than timing the market So, it is always advisable that one invests regularly and systematically rather than trying to capture the highs and the lows. Whenever you think of investment dont wait but invest plug many avenues are already available for various needs and timing. Also it has proven recor d that invest archeozoic always yield s better results.Papa kehte hain bada naam karega, beta hamara aisa kaam karega Starting investments at the early ages viz. when in college when you start receiving pocket money definitely adds up a bigger gist to your future life and helps to achieve ones goals and aspirations. Your parents would also feel PROUD.

Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations EssayCharles monster is surmount receiven as a writer of novels, many of which are read today and regularly utilize in stage productions, on television and in the cinema. He was also a journalist, he apply his stories to locomote crosswise what he felt were important messages.Although he tried to get his message across he wanted his work to be entertaining. In so doing, he created some of the most fountainhead remembered characters of English literature, such as Mr Pickwick, Oliver Twist and Ebenezer Scrooge. Dickens wrote about straitlaced life and particularly Victorian life in London.Dickens campaigned for things he believed in like the welfare and education of chelaren. He intercommunicate the public in public speakings and through his writings.Great ExpectationsChapter oneAt the start of Great Expectations Charles Dickens introduces us to a boy called Pip. This urinate is explained in the novels very first sentence and stated that this is the nam e he is commonly called by in the second.My arrests family name being Pirrip and my Christian name Philip, my infant expectoration could make both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip. So, I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip.Pip goes onto explain that he never saw his mother or military chaplain and so the reference straight away feels very sorry for this young boy. As I never saw my father or my mother,The setting in the first chapter is a graveyard with Pip looking at his father and mothers tombstones. Pip must be quite imaginative as he uses the shape of the letters on his fathers tombstone to create a mental picture of what he and his mother was like. The shape of the letters on my fathers, gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. From the character and turn of the inscription, to a fault Georgina Wife of the Above , I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly.We go on to learn that he al so had quintette brothers that must of all died at an early age.To five little stone lozenges, each about a foot and a half long, which were arranged in a neat row beside their grave, and were sacred to the memory of five little brothers of mine-who gave up trying to get a living exceedingly early in that universal struggleThroughout this novel the fibber is a young Pip and this is to make the reader feel empathy for the character for the whole of the novel. It also mean there is a childish view on things and a lack of understanding. For example in the graveyard he cant really understand why his father, mother and five brothers were dead and he was put away alive. Although the reader feels sad because of this Pip is not that sad as he cant understand the smudge fully.When the focus switches to the scenery and Pip starts to describe the churchyard and its view. Pip begins to cry and almost out of nowhere Hold your noise Cried a terrible voice, as a man started up from among the graves at he side of the church porch. Keep still, you little devil, or Ill cut your throatThis is the ledger entry of Magwitch an escaped convict from a nearby jail. In Charles Dickens days capital punishment was implement in the United Kingdom and conditions in jails were very poor an so Magwitch would have been n a terrible condition. First impressions of Magwitch are that he is an evil man for the obvious reason of him being a convict. He has no sympathy for others.A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a owing(p) iron on his leg. The iron is the giveaway that he is an escaped convict. The iron is like a secure that will have maybe been connected to a ball and chain.A man with no hat, and with impoverished shoes, with an old rag tied round his head. This shows the terrible condition that he is in.A man who had been impish in water, and smothered in mud and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and part by briars who limped, and shivered, and glared an d growled and those teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin.These things are what make me believe he has escaped.Magwitch is also quite a violent man, Pip is only a young boy and he feels it necessary to grab him by the throat and threaten him. He bullies a young child into getting things for him.After darkly looking at his leg and at me several times, he came approximate to my tombstone, took me both arms, tilted me back as far as he could hold me so that his eyeball looked most powerfully into mine, and mine looked most helplessly up into his.You know what a file is?And you know what wittles is?

Budgeting Importance Essay Example for Free

Budgeting Importance EssayAbstractbeyond Budgeting has been proposed as an powerful idea that allow for reinvigorate concern accounting contri more thanoverion in vexationoperation and performance. It is claimed that the traditionalistic system has lost relevance with the modern business milieu and is no greater satisfying the demand of managers. Budgets control been ingrained in the destination of business since their inception in the 1920s and managers go away f solitary(prenominal) knocked out(p) it originally difficult to radically shift to a system without ciphers. The implications of a beyond Budgeting system ar performance preventions coitus to competitors and a decentralised organisation structure. Alternatives such as the Better Budgeting techniques whitethorn be more favourable to commission who desires a formal planning and control system. The beyond Budgeting concept is ease in its infancy and requires further development and operable implement ation.KeywordsBudget Beyond Budgeting BBRT direction ControlI. cornerstoneBeyond Budgeting has been proposed as an influential idea that will reinvigorate management accounting contri moreoverion in business operation and performance. According to Hope and Fraser (2003) the budgeting system, as implemented by most businesses, should be eradicated. The budgeting struggle has arisen collect to a social movementment into the information age (Drury, 2008). It is considered that the environment is now so multiform and combative that budgeting in its existing form is no longer useful for businesses. Dissatisfaction with traditional budgets is growing in the business world and Beyond Budgeting has been suggested as a method to reinvigorate the managerial contribution of management accounting.This clause discusses how budgeting has evolved into its electric authoritative state, before examining why this universal technique has come under such heavy lit crit of late. The limitatio ns and weaknesses of traditional budgeting system will be supported with appropriate references. At the he heart of this piece of music is the evaluation whether the Beyond Budgeting model is more relevant in todays business environment and if it seat be a prominent tool in the incoming practices of management accounting. After critically evaluating academic scholars views on this issue, a conclusion will be drawn as to whether Beyond Budgeting in reality is the way forward.This article is elevated as follows Section II introduces and discusses evolution of various concepts of budgeting Section deuce-ace discusses limitations of traditional budgeting Section IV discusses how beyond budgeting addresses the limitations of traditional budgeting and is indeed the way forward and finally variance V concludes.II. Evolution of Various Concepts of BudgetingBhimani et al. (2008) define a budget as a quantitative future plan created by managers to assist the implementation of this plan . Becker et al. (2009) state the common view is that at the foundation of management accountingsystems is budgeting. In the 1920s budgets were born in order to help managers control equals and immediate payment flows (CIMA, 2007). This concept grew into fixed performance contracts involving future income and expenditure estimations. Budgets were employ to drive and evaluate management performance. moreover, Rickards (2006) guesss the burning(prenominal) purpose of budgets is to help implement a firms strategy, non still controlling and planning. The changes in the economic environment and business processes led to evolutions in budgeting.From the initial cash budgets to more modern techniques of postal code based budgeting (ZBB) and activity based budgeting (ABB). Drury (2008) details six functions of traditional budgets Refining the companys long term plans Coordinating the different departments and helping to improve relationships between them Communicating ideas and expec tations from top management to all other employees Motivating managers to achieve challenging targets and goals. arrogant the business activities exploitation variance analysis to jog beas requiring attention Evaluating the performance of managers in relation to achieving targets.A study of 40 managers revealed that budgeting is still very normal (Dugdale Lyne, 2006). They found that all businesses in question were using budgets and that when used alongside other tools budgets so-and-so harmonise, be active and control. Budgeting is ingrained in the lasts of many companies therefore it bathroom be difficult to convince managers that the business will be better off without them (Libby Lindsay, 2007). Daum (2002) argues that in the dynamic business environment managers should be looking to grow, expand, croak targets and limits, and not be restricted by them. He describes many features of this environment such as complex activities, innovation, retention of good employees. The new business environment is vastly different from the 1920s and although budgets have evolved to vary to these changes, they are increasingly coming under criticised.III. Criticisms of Traditional BudgetingThe traditional budgeting methods are considered too epoch oerwhelming and unresponsive to external changes. According to a research by Neely et al. (2003) the budget creation uses 20% of management epoch. Following on from this, Bartram (2006) found that even the leanest and most efficientcompanies declare 79 days to organise their budgets, whilst 210 days are spent in the worst practice companies. This is a considerable amount to time for a firm to spend on an activity that arguably adds no value to the business.The budget culture has restricted the ability for a firm to reshape into a modern business be ready the budgets reign and persuade management behaviours into oldparadigms (Hope and Fraser, 1997). In todays environment the traditional systems of frequently foun d to be an obstacle to innovation and enterprise by management (Daum, 2002).Daum Hope (2003) highlight the growth of organisations as a factor in causing the irrelevance of traditional budgeting methods. Previously, businesses were smaller and staff relationships were built on trust. deposit to act in the best interests of the company. The expansion and development of multinational companies has caused a break galvanic pile in trust between employees. To combat this, budgets were used as systems of control. However, now this control aspect has turn over a restriction to progress for a modern and forward thinking company.The following are weaknesses suggested by Neely et al. (2003) and they assist these as an area for improvement. Budgets wishing strategic focus and value creation, instead the aim is always cost reductions. The bureaucratic style restricts flexibility which in turn impacts a firms creative instincts. one- class budgeting is too infrequent therefore feeding into the unresponsive argument. Employees may not react well to having controls force onto them thus having the potential to de-motivate. Also the top down style of budgets strengthens vertical command structures, which can lack adaptability and responsiveness. Working to budgets can cause dysfunctional behaviour as managers are often under force to meet targets, this behaviour is excessively known as budget games.Bartram (2006) breaks down budgetgames into five areas. Firstly, The riffs the Limit, this entails management pushing the boundaries and disciplineing to get as large a budget as possible instead of asking for just what they need. This feeds into Mines Bigger than Yours whereby managers use the size of it of their budget to judge their own status within the company. Cooking the Books relates to a delay of declaring revenue if the targets are already met so that they can use this revenue to meet future objectives. Next is Hey Big expender, managers feel that they must s pend the entirety of their budget otherwise it will be cut near year. Finally, Bonus or Bust is concerned with the managers focus on measures that impact their own salaries or bonuses, whilst ignoring targets which may be more full of life to long term success.On the subject of budget games, Jensen (2003) feels the integrity of the wholly firm can be compromised when managers partake in this type of behaviour. The traditional system is based on a flawed principle reward managers for meeting targets but punish if they fail to do so. This only encourages the type of dysfunctional behaviour described by Bartram. In order to end these games, Jensen proposes abolishing the using budgets as a system for rewarding performance. Otley (2003) believes budget system has the potential to create dysfunctional behaviour and discusses his view of a coal mine that held back stock to meet weekly quotas, an example of Cooking the Books.The volume of criticism of traditional budgeting methods has been published by the proponents behind the Beyond Budgeting movement, Hope Fraser. Their initial criticisms were used as a spearhead to create a better management tool. Traditional methods rely on agone information which can have negative knock on effects. An example is the incremental budgeting tool, where the previous years budget is slightly adjusted for the new year without any analysis into areas which are over/under performing. The performance evaluation is generally carried out at the end of the budget period this canbe too late to remedy deficiencies. Leading on from this, the common practice is to carry out fixed percentage cuts when early results appear unacceptable (Hope Fraser, 2003). Libby Lindsay (2007) feel that the problems are originating from how budgets are implemented and used within business, if used correctly they still can be a very effective tool. Ekholm Wallin (2010) chord with Libby and Lindsay, and add that if properly used traditional budgets are a strong framework to plan and measure a companys operations. Therefore it can be suggested that many of the inadequacies of traditional budgets could be down to the implementation and not the tool itself.Despite the reasoning behind these limitations, Hope and Fraser (1997) report that 99% of European companies use formal budgeting procedures, this figure is likely to remain high even today. In addition, a sight of US organisations by Libby Lindsay (2007) revealed that over 50% of senior managers felt businesses could not cope without budgets and that they were imperative to success. Managers also believed that despite the associated time and costs, budgets were adding value to a company. Ekholm Wallin (2010) feel the annual budget is not dead yet, but it is past its peak and has lost usefulness and become outdated.IV. Beyond BudgetingBeyond Budgeting promotes the most ideal characteristics of a budgeting system flexibility, coordination and responsiveness (Pilkington Crowther, 2007). It is not just another system of tools it requires a complete overhaul of the organisations culture and a shift in the management style (Becker et al, 2009). Hansen (2011) states this can be performed in two stages move toward performance evaluation relative to competition and then implement a decentralized structure. Hope Fraser (2003) believe the limitations of traditional budgetary systems require businesses to abandon budgeting altogether and instead focus on monetary and non financial measures. The process should look to external benchmarks and competitors rather than internally set targets. The restrictive nature of budgets is removed and this can enhance the potential of a firm whilst empowering employees to make better decisions. Player (2003) describes Beyond Budgeting as extreme approach but with vast benefits to be realised. A key problem area is with rewarding managers using traditional systems.A BeyondBudgeting reward system is off the beaten track(predicate) more appropriate as it is relative to performance measures, often derived from competitors and benchmarks (Hope Fraser, 2003). Daum Hope (2003) argue that Beyond Budgeting is a more adaptive approach to management, with more frequent performance reviews. A second feature is that centralized and hierarchical structures are converted to a decentralized management style. This empowerment pushes authority and decision making to lower levels of the business. The effect can be found in increased productivity and motivation. Managers have engraft budgets into their culture so it is likely they will struggle to manage without them.Hope and Fraser (2001) believe that the volatile nature of the environment mean budgets and plans are redundant. Budgets try to remove surprises from business. Instead, managers should embrace them and look to them as opportunities for improvement. They continue by saying that in order to take full advantage of the opportunities lower level staff need the autho rity to make strategic decisions. Furthermore the removal of budgets creates extra time for managers spend onproblem solving and adding value to the business, as the time taken to prepare budgets is a particular disadvantage (Ostergren Stensaker, 2011).The Beyond Budgeting model is becoming increasingly prevalent and many companies are now following its principles. Hope Fraser (1997) discovered that the Scandinavian bank Svenska Handelsbanken abolished all forms of traditional budgeting in 1979. Since then it has grown into the largest bank in Scandinavia and one of Europes most efficient banks. Their CEO reported that a cultural change from budgets and targets to improvement has enabled costs to be driven down. Daum (2002) states that Svenska Handelsbanken utilised a decentralised structure to enable each branch to run as an independent boodle centre. This is an example of the potential that Beyond Budgeting can unlock.The Beyond Budgeting Round Table (BBRT), a network designed to transform thetraditional budget system, studied 14 companies without budgets or almost without budgets and from this they produced 12 guiding principles to Beyond Budgeting i.Measure performance against the competition, not internal targets.ii.Motivate employees by empowerment.iii.Delegation to divisional managers allows them to take responsibility.iv. pee operational managers independent access to resources.v.Create customer focused teams.vi.Provide transparent information overlap across the organisation.vii. Set targets on external benchmarks.viii. Rewards in line with beating the competitors.ix.Allow managers to be come to with strategy planning.x.Grant management access to local resources.xi.Coordinate the internal use of resources.xii. Performance bar information should be available freely. (Daum, 2002)Pilkington Crowther (2007) have found that Beyond Budgeting is most commonly choose by large firms employing over 1,000 people. The smaller firms (10 50 employees) tend to impose strict budgets for employees to follow. This is likely to be due to the size, management style and ability to train staff in unfamiliar concepts. DeWaal (2005) suggests an entry scan before implementing Beyond Budgeting to ensure that staff feels the current systems are failing. The scan creates discussion into whether staff indispensabilitys, and if the organisation can, implements Beyond Budgeting. The main advantage of questioning the employment of Beyond Budgeting is that staff will feel involved in decision making and internal business processes.Beyond Budgeting appears to have many advantages over traditional systems but it is not without criticism of its own. CIMA (2007) believe that having no budgetcreates various problems. A business will have no framework for planning, coordinating and controlling its activities. The business can lose direction without detailed plans of its current position and future goals. Finally, a drastic culture change can leave employees feeling disenchantment and the decentralized structure may be impractical for some organisations.An alternative option for firms that still want a formal budgeting system is Better Budgeting. Better Budgeting entails five techniques that can be used to chastise some of the limitations of traditional methods (Neely et al, 2003). Activity Based Budgeting involves planning using value adding activities, following a resembling concept to ABC and ABM. Zero Base budgeting forces managers to justify their budgets every year to try and prevent dysfunctional behaviour and budget games.Thirdly, a Value Based technique encourages a focus on creating stockholder wealth and linkages with strategy. Profit methods consider both short and long term projections whilst ensuring sufficient cash is generated. Finally, cast Budgets create frequent budgets to provide more accurate forecasts. A major problem with Better Budgeting techniques is that they can actually take even more management time to be used effectively, which is likely to cause greater dissatisfaction with the processes.The Beyond Budgeting movement is still in the early stages of development and Rickards (2006) feels that further research and practical implementations are required before a real break through with(predicate) in management accounting is achieved. Becker et al (2009) believe that the initial fascination with Beyond Budgeting is fading and that some principles are being put into practice, just not under the umbrella of Beyond Budgeting. Decentralisation and empowerment may be growing in popularity due to the current business environment.V. ConclusionTo conclude, Hopes view is that Beyond Budgeting is a far more effective system which conquers the limitations of traditional methods. He foresees the international expansion of the BBRT and that Beyond Budgeting will become a major management theme for the future (Daum Hope, 2003). After evaluating the thoughts and opinions of various academics, this article believes that Beyond Budgeting has an important role to play in the future of management accounting. However, it is unlikely that it will be fully adopted as the BBRT imagined a number of principles are extremely useful within the modern environment.These may be adopted but management will find it hard to completely abandon budgeting, as it is embedded it business culture. Perhaps some Better Budgeting techniques could be practiced in order to update the failing traditional system. This article supports the argument that traditional budgets are outdated and no longer appropriate for the current environment. Furthermore, budgets can actually destroy shareholder value within a firm therefore it is vital that new systems are developed. It is the view of this article that the traditional budget requires refreshing and revitalizing but is not yet ready for removal.ReferencesBartram, P. (2006). Forecasting the end for budgets. Director. 30. Becker, S., Messner, M. and Schaffer, U . (2009). The Evolution of a Management accounting Idea The bailiwick of Beyond Budgeting. Working paper. Bhimani, A., Horngren, C., Datar, S. Foster, G. (2008). Management and Cost history, 4th ed. Harlow Pearson.Michael Goode, Ali MalikCIMA213(2007).BeyondBudgeting.OnlineAvailableathttp//www.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/cid_tg_beyond_bu dgeting_oct07.pdf Accessed 28/11/11Daum, J. (2002). Beyond Budgeting A Model for Performance Management and Controlling in the 21st Century? Controlling and Finance.Daum, J. and Hope, J. (2003). The origins of Beyond Budgeting and of the Beyond Budgeting Round Table (BBRT) An interview with Jeremy Hope. DeWaal, A. (2005). Is Your Organisation Ready for Beyond Budgeting? measuring demarcation Excellence, 9(2), 58-67Drury, C. (2008). Management and Cost Accounting. 7th Edition. Andover Cengage Learning.Dugdale, D. and Lyne, S. (2006). Budgeting. CIMA Financial Management, 32-35. Ekholm, B. and Wallin, J. (2010). Is the annual bud get really dead? European Accounting Review, 9(4), 519-539.Hansen, S. (2011). A Theoretical Analysis of the Impact of Adopting Rolling Budgets, Activity-Based Budgeting and Beyond Budgeting. European Accounting Review, 20(2), 289-319.Hope, J. and Fraser, R. (1997). Beyond budgetingbreaking through the barrier to the third wave. Management Accounting, 75(11), 20-23.Hope, J. and Fraser, R. (2001). Beyond Budgeting Questions Answers. CAM-I Hope, J. and Fraser, R. (2003). New ways of setting rewards the Beyond Budgeting model. Californian Management Review, 45(4), 104-119.Hope, J. and Fraser, R. (2003). Who needs budgets? Harvard Business Review. 81(5), 125-126.Jensen, M. (2003). Paying People to Lie the Truth about the Budgeting Process. European Financial Management, 9(3), 379-406.Libby, T and Lindsay, R. (2009). Beyond budgeting or budgeting reconsidered? A survey of North-American budgeting practice. Management Accounting Research. Neely, A., Bourne, M. and Adams, C. (2003). Better budgeting or beyond budgeting?Measuring Business Excellence, 7(3), 22-28Ostergren, K. and Stensaker, I. (2010). Management control without budgets A field study of Beyond Budgeting in practice. European Accounting Review, 19(1), 1-33.214Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 31, No. 2Otley, D. (2003). Management Control and Performance Management Whence and Whither? British Accounting Review, 35, 309-326.Pilkington, M. andCrowther, D. (2007). Budgeting and control. Financial Management, 29-30.Player, S. (2003). Why some organizations go Beyond Budgeting. Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, 14(3), 3-9.Rickards, R. (2006). Beyond budgeting boon or boondoggle? Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 3(2), 62-76.